Milk diet 24
We also studied biological markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in relation to milk intake in humans. In almost all mammals, milk is fed to infants through breastfeeding, either directly or by expressing the milk to be stored and consumed later. For every glass of milk, the adjusted hazard ratio of all cause mortality was 1. Initially, the ability to digest milk was limited to children as adults did not produce lactase, an enzyme necessary for digesting the lactose in milk. It is the primary source of nutrition for infant mammals before they are able to digest other types of food. Because of the high content of lactose in milk, we hypothesised that high consumption of milk may increase oxidative stress, which in turn affects the risk of mortality and fracture. 04) in men. The term milk is also used for white colored, non-animal beverages resembling milk in color and texture ( milk substitutes ) such as soy milk, rice milk, almond milk, and coconut milk. This article is about the fluid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. Milk is a pale liquid produced by the mammary glands of mammals. Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies. Introduction A diet rich in milk products is promoted to reduce the likelihood of osteoporotic fractures. 13 to 1. In many cultures of the world, especially the West, humans continue to consume milk beyond infancy, using the milk of other animals (especially cattle, goats and sheep) as a food product. Conclusions High milk intake was associated with higher mortality in one cohort of women and in another cohort of men, and with higher fracture incidence in women. 06). Milk was therefore converted to curd, cheese and other products to reduce the levels of lactose. 03 (1. In women the adjusted mortality hazard ratio for three or more glasses of milk a day compared with less than one glass a day was 1. Modern industrial processes use milk to produce casein, whey protein, lactose, condensed milk, powdered milk, and many other food-additives and industrial products.
There are two distinct types of milk consumption: a natural source of nutrition for all infant mammals and a food product for humans of all ages that is derived from other animals. For milk derived from plants, see Plant milk. By continuing to browse the site you are agreeing to our use of cookies. Main outcome measure Multivariable survival models were applied to determine the association between milk consumption and time to mortality or fracture. Meta-analyses of cohort studies for the association between dairy and milk intake in relation to mortality 11 and fractures 12 13 have displayed no clear pattern of risk, and evidence from randomised trials are lacking. As an agricultural product, milk is extracted from non-human mammals during or soon after pregnancy. The early milk from mammals is called colostrum. 93 (95% confidence interval 1. Thousands of years ago, a chance mutation spread in human populations in Europe that enabled the production of lactase in adulthood. Methods We used two community based cohorts, the Swedish Mammography Cohort 25 26 and the Cohort of Swedish Men, 27 to analyse the association of milk consumption and mortality and fracture rates. Throughout the world, there are more than six billion consumers of milk and milk products. 01 to 1. The women responded to a second food frequency questionnaire in 1997. Milk contains 18 of 22 essential nutrients, including calcium, phosphorus, and vitamin D of especial importance for the skeleton. 80 to 2. Given the observational study designs with the inherent possibility of residual confounding and reverse causation phenomena, a cautious interpretation of the results is recommended. 15 (1. Milk intake and risk of mortality and fractures in women and men: cohort studies. 17) in women and 1. The Holstein Friesian cattle is the dominant breed in industrialized dairy farms today.
